Parenthood and occupational mobility
研究发现，生育第一个孩子后，男性职业转换率下降20%，女性下降14%，且对向上流动的影响更大。这解释了25-45岁劳动者职业流动性下降的22%（男性）和12%（女性），对弱势群体影响尤为显著。
Abstract I show that parenthood contributes to the downward‐sloping age‐occupational‐mobility profile. After the birth of the first child, men experience a 20% decline in occupational switching which is uniform across upward and downward mobility. For women, the decline is 14%, which is larger for upward than for downward occupational mobility. Therefore, parenthood can explain 22% and 12% of the declines in occupational mobility for working men and women between 25 and 45 years of age, respectively. Workers in disadvantaged groups experience larger decreases, highlighting the potential impacts of parenthood on their occupational choices.