Moral disengagement and defender self-efficacy as predictors of bystander behaviors in peer victimization in middle school: A one-year longitudinal study
基于社会认知理论，对1346名瑞典初中生进行一年追踪，发现道德推脱和捍卫者自我效能感能预测一年后的旁观者行为，且两者存在交互作用，为干预减少攻击性旁观和促进捍卫行为提供依据。
Numerous empirical studies have contributed to the understanding of factors connected to students' bystander behaviors in peer victimization situations. Nevertheless, a crucial gap remains concerning the scarcity of longitudinal studies. Drawing on social cognitive theory, the present study examined whether moral disengagement and defender self-efficacy predicted bystander behaviors a year later. Participants were 1346 Swedish adolescents ( M ageT1 = 13.6 years, M ageT2 = 14.6 years) who answered a web-based self-report questionnaire in seventh and eighth grades. Random intercept models showed that higher levels of moral disengagement in seventh grade were associated with more pro-aggressive bystanding in eighth grade ( Est = 0.19, p < .001), with interaction analyses revealing that this effect was particularly pronounced in students with high defender self-efficacy ( Est = 0.05, p < .01). The results also revealed that higher levels of defender self-efficacy in seventh grade were associated with more defending ( Est = 0.18, p < .001) and less passive bystanding ( Est = −0.11, p < .001) in eighth grade. Interaction analyses further demonstrated that the negative association between defender self-efficacy and passive bystanding was significant only at low levels of moral disengagement ( Est = 0.09, p < .001). Our findings suggest that moral disengagement is more strongly related to the inhibitive form of moral agency among bystanders, whereas defender self-efficacy is more strongly related to proactive moral agency. Thus, interventions aiming to reduce pro-aggressive bystanding and promote defending need to consider both moral disengagement and defender self-efficacy.