Managing manufacturer encroachment and product conflicts in a closed-loop supply chain: The case of information asymmetry
研究了信息不对称下制造商如何选择入侵渠道策略（直销新产品或再制造品），发现低类型制造商利润不一定降低，信息不对称可能对高类型零售商不利，而新产品入侵可实现制造商与零售商双赢并提升消费者剩余。
• Manufacturers may engage in encroachment by offering either new or remanufactured products, with distribution channels for the two products kept separate. • In remanufacturing operations, manufacturers delegate the product collection process to retailers, whose collection efficiency remains private information. • This study examines how information asymmetry influences manufacturers' decisions regarding their choice of encroachment channel strategy. The implementation of direct channels allows manufacturers to distribute new and remanufactured products through separate channels. This prompts manufacturers to carefully consider which products to channel directly. In the remanufacturing process, manufacturers often delegate the collection process to retailers. However, only retailers know their own collection efficiency information, whereas manufacturers can only know its probability distribution. To explore the choice of encroachment channel strategy under information asymmetry, we constructed a dual-channel closed-loop supply chain model, in which the manufacturer can design non-linear contracts to incentivize the retailer to choose contracts that align with its capabilities, ultimately maximizing its profit. We discuss the case of manufacturer dual product encroachment and the impact of consumer channel preferences in the extended model. The findings reveal that, contrary to previous studies, the profits of low-type manufacturers are not always reduced, and the effect of information asymmetry may be opposite. Moreover, information asymmetry can be detrimental to high-type retailers. The optimal channel choice is affected by factors such as remanufacturing cost, consumer channel preference, information asymmetry, and reserved profit differences. Manufacturers and retailers can achieve a win-win situation through new product encroachment, which can also counteract the negative effects of information asymmetry and enhance consumer surplus.