Ethnic minority and migrant pay gaps over the life-cycle
利用1999-2018年英格兰和威尔士的年度工时与收入调查和2011年人口普查数据，研究发现少数族裔和移民在进入劳动力市场时的薪酬差距较大，且这种差距在整个生命周期中基本保持不变。
Abstract It is well-known that ethnic minority and migrant workers have lower average pay than the White UK-born workforce. However, we know much less about how these gaps vary over the life-cycle because of data limitations. We use new data that combine a 1999–2018 panel from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) with individual characteristics from the 2011 Census in England and Wales. We investigate pay gaps on labour market entry and differences in pay growth. We find that differences in entry pay gaps are more important than differences in pay growth. The entry pay gaps are large, though vary across groups. The pay penalties on labour market entry can, to a considerable degree, be explained by over-representation in lower-paying firms and, within firms, in lower-paying occupations. For most groups, the pay gaps at entry seem to be largely preserved over the life-cycle, neither narrowing nor widening. For migrants, we find that the extra pay penalty is concentrated almost exclusively in those who arrived in the UK at later ages.