Does Increasing the Riskiness of Choices Widen Gender Gaps?
利用挪威大学成绩复议制度的改革，研究发现政策增加了选择的风险性，导致男女在申请复议上的性别差距扩大了90%，且性别差异在信心或信念上的不同是主要解释因素。
We isolate the causal effect of changing the riskiness of choices on the gender gap in real world outcomes. We do so by exploiting a national reform to the regrade system of Norwegian universities that generated exogenous variation in the probabilities of the outcome of regrade requests. Using unique individual-level administrative data, we show that both the expected value of a regrade request, as well as the downside risk, increased substantially as a result of the policy. We then show how the ostensibly gender-neutral policy substantially increased gaps between men and women because they differed in their risk preferences and beliefs. Specifically, the exogenous change in the riskiness of requesting a regrade augmented the gender gap in regrade requests by 90%. We demonstrate that this has important implications for students through its impact on their grades. We disentangle the relative importance of mechanisms through auxiliary reduced-form analyses, structural estimation, and a supplemental laboratory experiment. Taken together, our mechanism analyses suggest that gender differences in risk preferences and loss aversion are not sufficient to explain the increased gender gap after the policy change, and that gender differences in confidence or beliefs are necessary to rationalize the data and more broadly consistent with the patterns we observe. This paper was accepted by Dorothea Kubler, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: This project was partially funded by the Research Council of Norway through its Centers of Excellence Scheme [FAIR Project 262675]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.04088 .