“Meet me at the backdoor”: A multiple case study of academic entrepreneurs bypassing their technology transfer offices
研究了学术创业者为何绕过大学技术转移办公室（TTO）自行商业化发明，基于交易成本理论和正义模型，通过五名加拿大创业者的案例揭示了动机、路径和情境因素，对大学管理者和政策制定者有启示。
This article investigates the underexplored phenomenon of technology transfer office (TTO) bypassing in academic entrepreneurship. While TTOs are established to centralize and support intellectual property-based commercialization, a significant portion of entrepreneurial projects avoid the TTO. Relying on both economic (transaction cost theory) and ethical (Tyler's justice model) considerations, this study explores the motivations and contextual factors behind a researcher's decision to commercialize an invention using means other than the TTO. This multiple case study employs an in-depth exploratory qualitative approach to investigate five academic entrepreneurs across different disciplines in Canadian universities who chose to bypass their TTO, often in contravention of institutional policies. Our findings reveal a complex interplay among individual motivations, institutional policies, and market realities. We identified four paths of awareness and strategic intent in this process ranging from unintentional non-compliance to tactical avoidance which challenge a simplistic perception of TTO bypassing as merely unintentional rather than deliberate. The study also reveals four overlapping contexts that promote TTO bypassing: confidence in personal expertise, previous negative experience of using the TTO, peer-influenced skepticism, and external partner challenges. Furthermore, the findings show that the reasons for bypassing include both economic and ethical motivations which steer academic entrepreneurs toward alternative, privately managed commercialization paths. The article concludes with some implications for university managers and policymakers related to how to address the multifaceted motivations for TTO bypassing. • First study to explore the point of view of academic entrepreneurs who have personally bypassed their TTOs. • TTO bypassing occurs based on a series of paths representing varying levels of awareness and strategic intent. • Four overlapping bypassing contexts identified, such as expertise confidence, negative TTO experience, or peer skepticism. • The transaction cost theory and Tyler's justice model explain motivations and economic/ethical rationales for TTO bypassing.