Measuring Science: Performance Metrics and the Allocation of Talent
利用首个引文数据库的引入，研究绩效指标如何通过减少信息摩擦影响科学家与院系之间的匹配，尤其惠及低排名院系的高被引科学家和少数群体。
We study how performance metrics affect the allocation of talent by exploiting the introduction of the first citation database in science. For technical reasons, it only covered citations from certain journals and years, creating quasi-random variation: some citations became visible, while others remained invisible. We identify the effects of citation metrics by comparing the predictiveness of visible to invisible citations. Citation metrics increased assortative matching between scientists and departments by reducing information frictions over geographic and intellectual distance. Highly cited scientists from lower-ranked departments (“hidden stars”) and from minorities benefited more. Citation metrics also affected promotions and NSF grants, suggesting Matthew effects.