Staggered Health Policy Adoption: Spillover Effects and Their Implications
研究了美国各县交错实施居家令对人口流动的直接和溢出效应，发现邻近县流动性下降幅度为实施县的三分之一到一半，且溢出效应主要通过信息共享和自愿社交距离实现。
This paper investigates the direct and spillover effects on mobility caused by the staggered adoption of stay-at-home orders (SHOs) implemented by U.S. counties to contain COVID-19 at the beginning of the pandemic. We find that mobility in neighboring counties declines by a third to a half as much as in the counties that implement the SHOs. Furthermore, these spillovers are concentrated in counties that share media markets with treated counties. Using directional mobility data, we also find that declines in internal mobility in the neighbor counties account for a much larger proportion of the overall decline in mobility than decreases in traffic originating in the treated counties. Together, these results provide strong evidence that SHOs operate through information sharing and voluntary social distancing. Based on our estimates and a simple model of staggered SHO adoption, we construct counterfactual scenarios that separate the impact of policy coordination from that of adoption timing. We find that staggered implementation of SHOs could yield mobility reductions that are larger than coordinated but delayed SHO adoption. This paper was accepted by Carri Chan, healthcare management. Funding: The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the Hopkins Business of Health Initiative pilot grant program. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.01033 .