No country for model minorities: Evidence of discrimination against Asian noncitizen immigrants in the U.S. nursing home market
通过在美国养老院市场进行实地实验（N=6428），发现亚裔和非公民移民在获取长期护理服务时遭受显著歧视，表现为响应率和服务提供意愿低于白人和公民，且这种歧视在公立、私立营利和非营利养老院中普遍存在。
Abstract Although public administration scholars have long been studying discriminative behavior of frontline servants of public service organizations, whether and to what extent Asians and noncitizen immigrants may suffer from frontline discrimination in the United States lacks evidential support. To fill this gap, we conducted a corresponding field experiment in the U.S. nursing home market ( N = 6428). Our findings identify substantial discrimination against Asians and noncitizen immigrants. Holding other factors constant, nursing homes with long‐term care services in the United States are less responsive to and less likely to offer services to Asians and noncitizen immigrants, compared to Whites and citizens, respectively. Such discrimination is observed in all public, private for‐profit, and nonprofit nursing homes, whereas private for‐profit nursing homes demonstrated less discrimination. This study has implications for describing frontline discrimination in government‐regulated public service organizations and for scholarly understanding of the mechanism of such discrimination.