Optimal fulfillment and replenishment for omnichannel retailers with standard shipping contracts
研究了全渠道零售商如何通过标准运输合同（承诺在给定周期内发货）来联合优化产品补货和客户履行决策，发现该合同能提高利润和客户服务水平，同时降低库存。
E-commerce sales rise exponentially and represent an increasing proportion of global retail. To benefit from this, traditional brick-and-mortar stores enter the e-commerce market and become omnichannel retailers. However, the profitability of omnichannel retailers remains questionable due to high shipment and fulfillment costs. This paper addresses this challenge, focusing on using standard shipping contracts as a potential solution. Such contracts promise delivery within a given number of periods. Once a customer orders, the retailer should set a delivery period. In this way, retailers are flexible in setting exact delivery days, providing an opportunity for jointly optimizing product replenishment and customer fulfillment. We provide a generic model for the use of standard shipping contracts and formulate it as a Markov decision process. We provide optimal solutions using a modified policy iteration algorithm. Our results show that using standard shipping contracts creates a win-win situation: It increases profits and customer service. The observed profit increase is directly linked to maintaining less on-hand inventory. This effect is more pronounced for higher valued products and longer replenishment lead times. Additionally, we propose a heuristic policy that performs within 4% of the optimal policy. • Model the joint replenishment and fulfillment decision of an omnichannel retailer. • Introducing and analyzing the value of standard shipping contracts. • Obtain optimal policies for periodic and continuous review. • Propose a heuristic with optimality gap between 1% and 4%. • Standard shipping contracts achieve higher service rates with lower costs.