Shadow work in self-service technologies usage: Scale development and validation
本研究开发并验证了影子工作量表，将影子工作定义为消费者在使用自助服务技术时承担的额外无酬劳动，包含无酬消费工作和额外负担工作两个维度，对理解技术使用中的消费者劳动有理论贡献。
Self-service technologies (SST) have been frequently used as a part of routine service delivery options. These SSTs require consumers to perform unpaid work , effectively shifting some of the service labor to the consumer as a form of self-service. The purpose of this study is to conceptualize, develop, and validate scales of shadow work. Shadow work refers to the extent to which a consumer performs additional unpaid work via consumer labor technologies. With four steps and 738 Korean respondents, we followed rigorous scale development steps by employing both qualitative and quantitative methods. Step 1 involved conceptualizing shadow work using the grounded theory method based on relevant research Step 2 focused on the development of measures, including generating items and validating their content. Step 3 and Step 4 pertain to the scale validations using structural equation modeling . We demonstrate that shadow work is a multidimensional construct with two dimensions: unpaid consumptive work and extra burden work. This study makes theoretical contributions by establishing the concept of shadow work, which has been relatively unexplored, for its application to technology forecasting and social change. It also provides practical insights into how companies should establish relationships with consumers in the context of SSTs.