Estimating National and Foreign Trade Elasticities Using Generalized Transport Costs
定义了国内和国外两种贸易弹性，利用广义运输成本从欧盟贸易数据中估计出国内弹性是国外弹性的两倍，有助于重新审视边界效应和贸易收益。
ABSTRACT We introduce the definition of two distinct trade elasticities corresponding to imports from regions located in the same country (national elasticities) and foreign regions located in other countries (foreign elasticities). We resort to a three‐tier nested CES utility structure to derive the corresponding demand gravity equations. In absence of tariffs within single markets, we identify and recover the elasticities through a precise measure of generalized transport cost that combines economic, engineering, and logistic criteria. Results using PPML estimation methods on EU trade data show that national elasticities double in value their foreign counterparts. Our estimates allow revisiting previous results on border effects, gains from trade, and CGEs.