How does drivers’ attention change when using a two-stage warning system? Effects of expectation and cognitive load
研究在三级自动驾驶中，驾驶员的期望和认知负荷如何影响其使用两级预警系统时的注意力分配和接管表现，发现高认知负荷导致更谨慎的注视策略，高期望组则更少注视道路且操控偏差更大。
The advantages of two-stage warnings have been validated. This study investigated how drivers' expectations of automated driving system capabilities and cognitive load affect their attention allocation and takeover performance when using a two-stage warning system in a Level 3 automated driving system. Thirty-two drivers participated in a driving simulation study. The results showed that drivers under high cognitive load had longer and more frequent fixation on the road, which suggested a cautious attention strategy. The high-expectation group gazed less on the road and got greater lateral deviation and maximum acceleration. Attention allocation of the high-expectation group was similar between warning stages but was more susceptible to cognitive load within the same stage. The two-stage warnings need to be designed to direct drivers' attention effectively.