Measuring racial bias in employment services in Colombia
结合行政数据和调查，测量哥伦比亚公共就业服务中隐性种族偏见，发现咨询师对非裔求职者的隐性偏见与较低推荐率相关，但告知偏见后行为未改变。
In this paper, we document de facto, implicit, and explicit racial biases within the public employment service in Colombia. By combining administrative data about job seekers and job openings with direct surveys to job counselors, including a Race Implicit Association Test, we measure different types of racial bias. We find that while job counselors do not self-report biased attitudes against Afro-descendant individuals, the majority exhibit high levels of implicit bias, which also correlates strongly with observed lower referral rates of Afro-descendants to job openings. In addition, we provide information to a randomized group of job counselors about their implicit bias and test if this information changes their referral behavior. While we demonstrate that the implicit bias of counselors contributes to racial gaps in labor outcomes, we do not find that providing feedback on this unconscious bias changes referral behavior.