The Irish in England
利用1838至2018年英格兰遗嘱认证和生命登记数据，发现爱尔兰裔在英格兰长期处于下层阶级，平均比英格兰人穷50%，19世纪至20世纪中期婴儿死亡率高约25%，但之后趋于平等。
We use the universe of probate and vital registers from England between 1838 and 2018 to document the status of the Irish in England. We identify the “Irish” in the records as those individuals with distinctively Irish surnames. From at least the mid-nineteenth century to 2018, we find that the Irish in England have persisted as an underclass, being on average 50 percent poorer than the English. Infant mortality was about 25 percent higher for the Irish between the 1830s and the mid-twentieth century but has subsequently equalized. Sorting, both to urban areas and to the North of England, are important elements in the Irish experience. We discuss the potential roles of selective migration, social mobility, and discrimination in this and signpost directions for future research.