Heterogeneity in School Value Added and the Private Premium
在巴基斯坦，基于考试成绩衡量学校增值，发现村庄内及公私部门间学校质量差异大，导致私立学校溢价估计范围广；家长重视增值，需求异质性解释市场演变和跨市场质量差异，私立部门供给响应需求，公立部门则无此证据。
We estimate and validate test score–based measures of school quality (school value added, or SVA) in Pakistan. We document substantial variation in SVA within villages and within the public and private sectors, leading to a wide range of possible estimates of the private premium. We also show that parents value SVA. Heterogeneity in parental demand for quality helps explain both the evolution of the market over time and cross-market variation in school quality. The supply side responds to parental demand for quality in the private sector, but there is no evidence it does so in the public sector.