Protected areas and local economic development
研究法国Chaîne des Puys–Limagne断层地质遗址的“法国大遗址”和“世界遗产”认定对周边地区旅游业、零售业、房地产业及人口的影响，发现仅邻近的城市化地区从旅游中受益，质疑保护区促进低密度地区发展的有效性。
Protected natural areas are increasingly seen as tools for economic development in sparsely populated areas. In this context, we examine the impact of Grand Site de France and World Heritage List designations on tourism supply, other local industries (retail trade and real estate), and demographics in surrounding areas. Focusing on the Chaîne des Puys–Limagne Fault, a geological site in France, we use difference-in-differences with matching. While we observe relatively diffuse demographic effects, we find that only urbanised municipalities near the site have benefited from tourism, raising questions about the effectiveness of protected areas for promoting development in low-density regions.