The Modern Wholesaler: Global Sourcing, Domestic Distribution, and Scale Economies
利用美国行政数据，研究发现批发商市场份额上升主要由大型企业驱动，其全球采购与国内分销网络的扩张依赖于规模经济，并导致市场集中度和加价率提高。
Half of all transactions in the $6 trillion market for manufactured goods in the United States were intermediated by wholesalers in 2012, up from 32 percent in 1992. Seventy percent of this increase is due to the growth of “superstar” firms—the largest 1 percent. Estimates based on detailed administrative data show that the rise of the largest firms was driven by an intuitive linkage between their sourcing of goods from abroad and an expansion of their domestic distribution network to reach more buyers. Both elements require scale economies and lead to increased wholesaler market shares and markups.