Uncharted Waters: Effects of Maritime Emission Regulation
研究了美国海事排放标准对空气质量、健康、种族暴露差异和行为的影响，发现政策虽降低了细颗粒物和婴儿死亡率，但实际减排效果仅为预期的一半，且存在行为响应削弱政策效果。
Maritime shipping emits as much fine particulate matter as half of global road traffic. We are the first to measure the consequences of US maritime emissions standards on air quality, human health, racial exposure disparities, and behavior. The introduction of US maritime emissions control areas significantly decreased fine particulate matter, low birth weight, and infant mortality. Yet, only about half of the forecasted fine particulate matter abatement was achieved by the policy. We show evidence consistent with behavioral responses among ship operators, other polluters, and individuals that muted the policy's impact, but were not incorporated in ex ante models.