The Environmental Kuznets Curve Revisited: A Spatial Panel Model with Heterogeneous Coefficients
用空间计量方法重新检验环境库兹涅茨曲线假说，分析瑞典285个市2015-2021年收入与CO、CO2、CH4排放的关系，发现多数市存在倒U型关系，并强调空间溢出效应和本地化政策的重要性。
This paper revisits the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis through the lens of spatial econometrics to analyse the relationship between income and emissions of CO, CO 2 , and CH 4 in Swedish municipalities from 2015 to 2021. The study leverages recent developments in spatial econometric methods to relax the homogeneity assumption found in earlier EKC models. The analysis identifies an inverted U-shaped relationship between income and emissions across numerous municipalities: 182 for CO, 128 for CO 2 , and 158 for CH 4 out of 285. The study highlights the importance of spatial econometric models in capturing nuanced income-emissions relationships and spatial spillover effects, often neglected in non-spatial models. Policy implications indicate that economic growth alone may not be enough to lower emissions in all municipalities, highlighting the need for targeted strategies that account for local economic and environmental conditions. • A heterogeneous Spatial Durbin Model (HSDM) is used to examine EKC. • Three air pollution emissions are tested at the local level. • The presence of heterogeneous spatial effects is confirmed. • Pollution control measures could benefit from policies that consider local conditions.