The Effect of Environmental Protection Expenditures on Industrial Employment in Sweden
利用瑞典2002-2021年企业数据，通过工具变量法分解环境保护支出对制造业就业的成本、要素替代和需求效应，发现总体上无显著影响，但造纸业存在不可忽视的负面效应。
Abstract In this paper, we empirically investigate how environmental protection expenditures affect sector-level employment within manufacturing industries, using detailed firm-level data for Sweden for the years 2002–2021. We use a structural model that allows for a decomposition of the total employment effect of environmental protection expenditures within a sector into a cost effect, a factor shift effect, and a demand effect. We add to previous literature by using instrumental variables in our empirical framework, to account for endogenous environmental spending stemming from, e.g., corporate social responsibility and self-regulation. Our results reveal that increased environmental protection expenditures generally have no statistically significant effect on employment among the sectors studied, with the paper and pulp sector being the exception, showing non-negligible negative effects on employment.