The culprit behind bootleg music: The diverging roles of formal and informal institutions
研究了82个国家的数据，发现正式的数字监管与非正式的社会规范之间的分歧会助长数字盗版音乐传播，且数字使用程度越高，这种分歧越强，监管效果越差。
We revisit the roles of institutional environments in deterring ethically questionable activities conducted through digital channels, focusing on the release of digital bootleg music across countries. Whereas stronger digital regulations aim to deter such activities, we submit that informal institutions in some countries may diverge from formal regulations, creating demand-side opportunities that attract digital bootleggers. This divergence is further intensified in countries with high levels of digital usage, where advanced technological tools enable users to bypass regulatory barriers and access bootlegged content. Consequently, increasing digital usage intensifies the divergence between formal and informal institutions, undermining the effectiveness of digital regulations. Using a large dataset on bootleg music releases across 82 countries, we find empirical support for our theoretical contentions.