The Road to Serfdom and the Definitions of Socialism, Planning, and the Welfare State, 1930–1950
通过分析1930-1950年间社会主义者、评论者及公众人物对社会主义的定义，发现当时普遍将其理解为国家拥有或控制生产资料的计划经济，支持福利扩张者多认为国家控制是再分配的前提，这支持了哈耶克《通往奴役之路》的核心假设仅限于国家控制下的计划经济。
Abstract There is a long-standing debate about whether the central hypothesis of F. A. Hayek's The Road to Serfdom, warning of the incompatibility between socialism and democracy, extended to welfare states. The empirical validity of Hayek's hypothesis hinges on his definition of socialism. We build on previous works contextualizing and interpreting The Road to Serfdom by examining the common definitions of socialism, capitalism, and the welfare state primarily between 1930 and 1950 according to (1) socialist intellectuals, especially those Hayek was engaging in The Road to Serfdom, (2) reviews of and responses to Hayek's book, and (3) prominent politicians and other public intellectuals in London. We find that socialism was commonly understood to mean economic planning under state ownership or control of the means of production. Those advocating for the expansion of welfare programs often held that state control or ownership of the means of production was necessary to fund social redistribution. Our findings bolster the interpretation of Hayek's central hypothesis in The Road to Serfdom as being limited to economic planning under state control or ownership of the means of production.