Gendered Patterns of Labor in Agriculture
利用统一劳动力数据，发现女性在农业劳动力中的占比与人均收入并非正相关，但存在多种地区差异，需关注土地所有权、男性外出务工、跨部门转移、家务劳动及赋权影响。
ABSTRACT As countries develop and experience structural transformation, the gendered patterns of labor change. We use harmonized labor force data and do not find evidence that women's share of the agricultural labor force is positively correlated with per capita income. Yet, the evidence shows many changes taking place that vary across locations. We identify five areas that require attention to understand these processes of change: the patterns of joint ownership and management among smallholder farmers, the responses to the migration of men off‐farm, shifts across sectoral boundaries, time spent on domestic services and care work, and the impact on empowerment. It is important to go beyond the number of people employed in production agriculture to understand the many ways that the gendered patterns of labor are changing.