Highways and local development: insights from two decades of investments
研究了西班牙两阶段高速公路投资对地方人口增长的影响，发现1990年代基础网络建设对城市地区有正面作用，而2000年代网络扩展对农村地区产生负面影响。
This paper examines the influence of new highways on local development in Spain across two distinct periods of initial infrastructure investment in network development and later network extensions. The results show interesting differences. In the 1990s, when the basic network was completed, new highways generally showed a positive relationship with local population growth in municipalities that had seen their access improved, although with most benefits concentrated in urban areas. In contrast, for the network extensions during the first decade of the 2000s, the results suggest a negative relationship with local population growth in rural areas.