Equilibrium Analysis of Unfair Competition From Shoddy Goods
研究电商环境下诚实制造商与欺骗制造商之间的竞争，发现欺骗者不一定总想欺骗，诚实者也不一定受损，结果取决于消费者对欺骗的反应强度。
Advances in e-commerce allow consumers to learn the truth about shoddy goods. This article develops an analytical framework for examining the competition between an honest manufacturer (the “truth-teller”) and a deceptive manufacturer (the “deceiver”). Our equilibrium analysis suggests that the deceiver is not always inclined to deceive and that the truth-teller is not necessarily harmed by deception. Depending on the parameter values, the deceptive behavior of a deceiver can lead to four types of outcomes vis-à-vis the truth-teller: win–win, win–lose, lose–win, and lose–lose. In particular, if the consumer response to deception is weak then the truth-teller always has an incentive to prevent the deceiver from excessively exaggerating its product quality by <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">lowering</i> his own production cost, which lessens the truth-teller's deceiver-induced profit loss. Yet if the consumer response to deception is strong then the truth-teller can prevent the deceiver from even slightly exaggerating its product quality by <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">raising</i> his own production cost; however, he might not have sufficient incentive to do so because this strategy would reduce his profit. Counter-intuitively, if the consumer response to deception is weak, then both consumer surplus and social welfare will actually increase with the deceiver's announced quality.