Governing entrepreneurial opportunities: a discriminating alignment approach
借鉴威廉姆森的理论，提出一个框架将标准治理机制（如许可、合资）与新兴机制（如黑客马拉松、加速器）分类为市场扫描、机会支持和机会控制三类，并指出不确定性和技术距离决定如何选择匹配的治理方式。
Abstract Drawing inspiration from Oliver Williamson’s work, we employ a ‘discriminating alignment’ approach to explain how established organizations select and govern external sources of innovation. Our framework integrates ‘standard’ governance mechanisms, such as licensing and joint ventures, with ‘emerging’ mechanisms, such as hackathons and accelerators. First, we classify governance mechanisms into three types – market scanning, opportunity support, and opportunity control – based on four attributes: the degree of reallocation of decision rights, the degree of pooling of property rights, set-up costs, and ex post adaptation costs. We then argue that two key variables – uncertainty and technological distance – jointly help determine the choice of the appropriate mechanism for transactions involving entrepreneurial opportunities. By developing a comprehensive taxonomy of arrangements linked to the governance of external innovations, this study offers propositions that identify the drivers of ‘efficient alignment’ between transactions attributes and organizational choices in entrepreneurial contexts.