Pushed and pulled: How race shapes the displacement of Black-owned businesses during commercial gentrification
通过自传式案例研究，结合20年亲身经历和19位黑人企业主的证词，揭示了种族偏见如何从多维度推动黑人企业流离失所，并提出了推拉理论来解释这一过程。
This study examines how race shapes the displacement of Black-owned businesses during commercial gentrification in Fort Greene, Brooklyn. Utilising an autoethnographic case study approach, the author integrates two decades of personal experience as a Black business owner with testimonies from 19 other Black business owners. The findings reveal the multidimensional nature of displacement – including exclusionary, physical, social, cultural and psychological aspects. Physical displacement is categorised as either economically induced or regulatory induced. A push–pull theory is introduced, highlighting how racial biases – even within the Black community – push Black-owned businesses towards displacement, while Black social capital and other forms of support pull them towards survival. The study underscores the need for policy interventions that support Black business owners in resisting gentrification and advocates for anti-discrimination protections in commercial leasing.