Quantifying administrative efficiency: proposed figures of merit for university comparisons and ranking
提出两种衡量大学行政效率的指标（行政人员与教师比、学生与行政人员比），利用公开数据计算并比较美国436所大学，发现许多大学行政人员过多，学费上涨与行政膨胀相关，建议将行政效率纳入排名以促进教育公平。
Administrative costs at universities have been steadily increasing in U.S. schools. These overheads are not currently directly captured in university ranking systems. In this study two approaches to administrative efficiency are proposed to overcome this oversight by measuring the ratio of administrators to faculty members and the ratio of students to administrators. Both values can be acquired from free publicly available databases and calculated easily to determine which universities are preferentially investing more in administration rather than directly into the education of their students. In this study, these approaches are compared, and open source software is provided for others to automate this basic calculation. The software was tested on data from 436 schools in the data set from the U.S. News and World Report on National Universities. The results show that only a few universities have less administrators and staff than faculty members. Remarkably, many universities have more administrators than students, and it appears clear that tuition increases are largely due to administrative bloat. The use of both methods in university ranking calculations would provide incentives to increase administrative efficiency and make university education more accessible to less-affluent students thereby encouraging meritocracy and concomitant economic development.