Optimal Control for Unreliable Manufacturing and Remanufacturing System Under Environmental Subsidy and Overrun Penalty Mechanism
针对制造与再制造系统，考虑机器不可靠、新旧产品区分及回收不确定性，提出结合环境补贴与超支惩罚机制的最优动态控制策略，以平衡经济与环境目标。
Because of environmental concerns, remanufacturing has become an integral process for many production companies. Most published papers dealing with manufacturing and remanufacturing systems (MRSs) overlook some industrial features. These include machine unreliability, the distinction between newly manufactured and remanufactured products, and uncertainty about the returned used products (RUPs). As a result, these models do not reflect the reality of industrial systems. This study aims to bridge the gap in research on MRSs by elaborating an optimal and dynamic control of manufacturing, remanufacturing, and recovery of RUPs. The goal is to develop a model based on manufacturing remanufacturing emissions hedging point control policy (MREHP) to adjust the production of new and remanufactured products, and recovery of RUPs according to economic and environmental thresholds. To reduce carbon emissions, a new method is proposed based on the environmental subsidy and overrun penalty mechanism (ESOPM), and that is combined with MREHP to control in parallel the MRS and generated emissions. A robust optimization algorithm is developed to determine the optimal economic and environmental thresholds in MREHP and ESOPM. A comparative study is provided to evaluate our proposed ESOPM in comparison with traditional reduction policies: carbon cap and trade (CCT) and carbon tax regulation (CT R). The obtained results reveal that machines' reliability, rate of RUPs, emissions subsidy, and carbon emissions limit have notable impacts on economic and environmental thresholds. Additionally, results show that the proposed ESOPM performs higher profit than CT R and CCT while reducing emissions when the carbon price is below a certain value.