First-level fundamentals: computer ownership is more important for internet benefits than in-home internet service
基于美国人口普查数据（2020年N=84,206；2023年N=82,941），发现计算机使用比智能手机或家庭互联网更能预测有益互联网使用（如求职、政府资源、电子健康），且无家庭互联网的计算机使用比有家庭互联网但无计算机使用更有益。
Abstract Although computers, smartphones, and internet service are essential 21st century tools, digital equity stakeholders often focus on in-home internet service in their advocacy. Yet few scholars have compared the associated benefits of different fundamental digital resources. In response, a cross-sectional analysis of two waves of U.S. census data (2020, N = 84,206; 2023, N = 82,941) revealed that computer use (laptop/desktop) was consistently a stronger predictor of beneficial internet use (e.g., job searches, government resources, and eHealth) than smartphone access or in-home internet service, and device quality explained additional model variance. Moreover, computer use without in-home internet was more beneficial than in-home internet without computer use, and in-home internet was especially important in homes with smartphones. These findings add nuance to resources and appropriation theory and the technology maintenance framework, and underscore that internet and devices are both important, requiring policies that facilitate access to both.