Securitisation of EU policy: how Russia's invasion of Ukraine is changing Europe
本文用哥本哈根学派的安全化理论分析欧盟对俄乌战争的反应，发现欧盟通过制裁、能源抵制等非传统安全措施快速调整政策，而非建立军队，解释了欧盟如何应对安全威胁。
Defying expectations of EU integration scholars, Russia's 2022 full-scale invasion of Ukraine did not spur the European Union (EU) to create an army or new territorial defence capabilities. While the EU undertook novel actions to support Ukraine in this war, these fell far short of turning the EU into a traditional defence organisation. Instead, the EU responded largely through policy, using non-traditional security measures such as sanctions, energy boycotts, aid to Ukraine, migration, and enlargement to fight Russia's invasion. This article analyses the EU's response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine through the lens of Copenhagen School securitisation theory, rather than traditional EU integration theory. Securitisation theory recognises war as a distinct type of crisis and explains how a non-traditional collective security actor like the European Union responds to security threats. EU leaders responded swiftly by securitising EU policy through ‘speech acts’. Public audiences immediately recognised the Russian threat. Strong leadership and a sudden shift in attitudes enabled norm-defying changes across core areas of EU policy. Instead of asking why Russia's invasion of Ukraine has not produced more integration, this article shows that the EU rapidly transformed key areas of EU policy to face a new, more insecure, and geopolitical world.