Endogenous public health responses in Orthodox Jewish communities during the COVID-19 pandemic
研究了纽约正统犹太社区在疫情期间自发形成的个人行为、社区组织和非正式规则等内生公共卫生应对措施，包括拉比指导、私人救护服务和宗教仪式调整等。
Abstract Endogenous public health responses include the individual behaviours, community-based organizational responses, and informal rules that resolve economic problems during public health crises. We explore the relevance of endogenous responses in Orthodox Jewish communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyse Orthodox newspapers in New York City and find that (a) rabbis advised their communities on how to stay healthy and observant to their religious beliefs; (b) rabbinical councils and advisory boards provided private, public health guidance; (c) private, Jewish ambulatory services provided religiously sensitive healthcare; (d) Orthodox Jewish schools privately provided public health services; and (e) community members altered religious rules, rituals, and traditions to mitigate the spread of the virus. While these responses did not occur seamlessly or without conflict, the Orthodox community worked diligently to provide public health services to remain healthy while also observing religious traditions. Our paper provides shows how communities develop endogenous public health responses during crises.