Learning like a state organizational learning and state capacity in ancient Greece
从组织理论和知识政治经济学出发，研究古希腊斯巴达、雅典和马其顿三个早期国家的学习模式，发现马其顿的优越表现源于其能整合经验与实验知识的组织学习模型，挑战了现有文献对中央集权过程的关注。
Abstract State capacity is critical for development. Yet, the question of how states learn – that is, how they acquire and incorporate information to improve performance over time – has received little attention. In this paper, we draw from organizational theory and the political economy of knowledge and innovation to study the components of effective learning in states as organizations. We focus on three functionally simple, but well-documented early states in ancient Greece: Sparta, Athens, and Macedon. We argue that Macedon’s superior performance relied on a learning model capable of integrating both experiential and experimental knowledge within existing structures. By directing our attention away from the early modern period, where much work in economic history and historical political economy is concentrated, our account challenges the focus of the existing literature on processes of centralization. Instead, we highlight organizational factors that may promote capacity-enhancing learning even in the context of weak centralization.