The Land of Opportunity? Social Class, Returns to Migration, and Occupational Mobility of Swedish Immigrants, 1880–1910
研究了1900和1910年美国瑞典移民的经济回报，发现回报率超过60%，且较低社会阶级的移民回报更高，但多数移民并未经历显著职业升级，回报主要源于美国更高工资。
Abstract I study the economic returns to migration among Swedish immigrants in the United States in 1900 and 1910, by social class. Using linked data from full-count Swedish and US censuses via the Swedish Emigrant Register, I first estimate the rates of return to migration using two identification strategies, with the returns exceeding 60 percent, notably higher for migrants from lower social classes. Furthermore, most migrants did not experience substantial occupational upgrade compared to their brothers in Sweden, which suggests that while migration yielded sizeable economic returns, they were primarily due to higher US wages rather than occupational mobility.