Manipulation: An integrative framework of unethical influence in marketing
构建了一个整合框架，区分操纵与其他影响形式（如说服、助推），以意图/疏忽和缺乏同意为关键条件，帮助营销从业者评估其行为的伦理影响。
Marketing practices are often criticised for manipulating people. However, the academic literature does not offer a clear consensus on what constitutes manipulative marketing and when it should be considered unethical. Relevant terms and concepts are often used interchangeably, which makes it difficult to assess the phenomenon and provide ethical guidelines for practitioners. This article develops an integrative framework to assess manipulation in marketing in clear distinction from other forms of influence, including coercion, intimidation, nudging, and persuasion. We identify intent/negligence and lack of consent as key conditions for manipulation, while deception and exploitation are mechanisms through which it takes place. In our framework, marketing tactics are categorised along two dimensions of the influence spectrum: freedom of choice and transparency of information. We provide a flowchart that can guide decision-makers through the process of assessing the characteristics and ethical implications of their actions.