Evolution of innovation and production supply chains: the case of microalgae-based β-carotene
构建了一个分析模型，研究新兴生物基产业如何通过创新和生产供应链与成熟合成技术竞争，并以微藻基β-胡萝卜素为例，说明其从利基市场到主流应用的过程。
Abstract Establishing new bio-based sectors requires effective implementation of innovation and production supply chains, often competing with established synthetic technologies. Our analytical model conceptualizes the competition between an incumbent industry and a competitive fringe, each producing differentiated products. Although motivated by the β-carotene case, the model is versatile and applicable to other contexts involving novel products entering markets dominated by established technologies. Developed by university researchers and commercialized by start-ups, natural β-carotene was eventually integrated into major synthetic corporations. Initially niche and costly, it gained market competitiveness through innovation and expanded applications, driving technological advancements and significantly benefiting the broader algae-based industry.