Industrial automation and local public goods
研究发现，工业自动化程度更高的美国州和地方政府，人均收入和支出显著下降，其中K-12教育支出减少，学生考试成绩下滑，表明自动化削弱了地方公共教育融资和学生表现。
Recent research shows industrial automation raises labor productivity but also depresses employment and wages in exposed industries and regions. This paper examines the impact of automation on U.S. state and local governments. We find that state and local governments with greater exposure to automation experience significant declines in per capita revenues and expenditures. The spending reduction is concentrated in K-12 education and is driven primarily by a decrease in state support. Automation exposure is also associated with a decline in student test scores. These findings suggest that industrial automation impairs state and local financing of public education and student outcomes.