The humans behind the herd: are alternative livestock farms agroecological from a socioeconomic perspective?
研究了全球北方替代性畜牧场是否遵循农业生态学的社会经济原则，基于15个农场的三年数据，发现其虽符合农业生态理想，但收入低且缺乏制度影响力。
In the Global North, alternative livestock farms are sometimes considered preferable to large-scale specialized farms, which are largely preeminent in current livestock supply chains. In this study, we aimed to determine if alternative livestock farms respected the socioeconomic principles of agroecology. A qualitative thematic analysis and a multivariate quantitative analysis were conducted based on data gathered from a sample of 15 farms over the course of three years. All farms raised multiple species and marketed their products through multiple different outlets, most of them directly to the end consumer, ensuring high economic diversification and connectivity. High levels of work satisfaction were commonplace, as farmers’ values were aligned with their work. Even though their sales prices were much higher than those obtained by large-scale specialized livestock farms, average net incomes and employee wages were low. Most farms operated at a small scale, but farms with higher gross incomes had higher net incomes, suggesting a certain level of economic performance due to economies of scale. Most farm characteristics were found to be in line with locally accepted social values such as gender equity, animal welfare, and providing ingredients for meat-forward diets, which are the local norm. Farmers deplored the fact that they did not have the institutional leverage to take part in territorial and food system governance. While alternative livestock farms cannot readily replace large scale specialized farms in terms of production volume, their socioeconomic characteristics were found to align with the agroecological ideal.