Text-mining obituaries between 1953 and 2019 revealed that women leaders are described increasingly like men leaders, but yet evaluated differently
通过文本挖掘1953-2019年德国2,283篇领导者讣告，发现女性领导者被描述得越来越像男性（能动性和能力），但评价上仍更不尊重，且对能动性的惩罚在千禧年后重新出现。
Replicating and extending previous research on changes in gender stereotypes in the context of leadership ( Zehnter et al, 2018 ), we text-mined 2,283 obituaries of leaders published between 1953 and 2019 in (Western) Germany. Using a rigorously developed dictionary with substantial internal reliability, coverage, convergent, and predictive validity, we counted descriptive words signifying agency, competence, and communality alongside evaluative words signifying likability and respectability. Over time, women leaders were described more like men leaders in terms of agency and competence, but continued to be described as more communal. Moreover, women leaders were evaluated as increasingly likable, but continued to be evaluated as less respectable than men leaders. Penalizations of agency with reduced likability initially disappeared, but re-emerged after the millennial shift. Ultimately, these results highlight that despite some changes towards greater equality, disparaging views of women and men leaders persist.