Examiner and Judge Designs in Economics: A Practitioner’s Guide
为实证研究者提供基于法官和审查员倾向性差异的研究设计指南，涵盖理论基础、识别假设、检验方法及估计权衡，并通过审前拘留案例展示最佳实践。
This article provides empirical researchers with an introduction and guide to research designs based on variation in judge and examiner tendencies to administer treatments or other interventions. We review the basic theory behind this research design, outline the assumptions under which the design identifies causal effects, describe empirical tests of the conditions for identification, and discuss trade-offs associated with choices researchers must make for estimation. We demonstrate concepts and best practices in an empirical case study that uses an examiner tendency research design to study the effects of pretrial detention.