The future of the welfare state—a Nordic perspective
讨论北欧福利模式的特点与表现，包括其应对危机和挑战的能力，并回顾劳动市场、养老金、福利服务和移民等关键政策领域及未来挑战。
Abstract The universalistic Nordic welfare model is often praised for its ability to reconcile high income levels and a relatively equal income distribution in small and open economies with large public sectors. The main characteristics and performance of the model are discussed, including its ability to recover from crises and address various challenges. Key policy areas, including labour market policies, pension systems, provision of welfare services, and immigration, are reviewed, and future challenges discussed.