Biodiversity Credits: An Overview of the Current State, Future Opportunities, and Potential Pitfalls
定义了生物多样性信用，基于34个试点项目和市场激励经验，分析了其机遇与陷阱，包括供需、捆绑选项和社会保障，强调稳健设计对避免过去错误的重要性。
ABSTRACT Biodiversity credits are an emerging vehicle for pro‐environmental financing, yet much uncertainty remains around how and when they could boost biodiversity conservation. Here we define what biodiversity credits are and explore impact pathways through a proposed theory of change. Based on evidence from 34 pilot projects and a review of lessons from related market‐based incentives for conservation, we further explore potential opportunities and pitfalls, including future supply and demand, bundling/stacking options, and needed social safeguards. We explore how biodiversity credits can better tackle challenges linked to additionality, permanence, leakage, and commensurability. While new monitoring technologies can help quantify biodiversity, trade‐offs exist between simple metrics enabling liquid markets and costlier ones more adequately representing biodiversity. To avoid past mistakes, sound credit design and implementation require more robust crediting baselines, standards, governance, and impact evaluation. Quality credits will be more expensive than those cutting integrity corners, which may dampen the expected biodiversity credit boom.