Long-lasting consequences of being targeted
研究1956至1963年南越针对华裔少数族裔的政策，发现胎儿期受政策影响的人教育、就业更差，女性生育率更高，且下一代人力资本下降，教育流动性受阻。
• The paper studies the effects of South Vietnam’s policies targeting the Chinese minority from 1956 to 1963. • Exposure to these policies negatively affects education and labor market outcomes. • Directly impacted women experience higher fertility rates both intensively and extensively. • The policies reduce the next generation’s human capital, limiting their educational opportunities. • Hostile policies create long-term barriers to educational mobility across generations. While numerous majority-controlled governments globally have enacted hostile policies targeting minority groups, the long-term consequences of these policies remain insufficiently explored. By exploiting policy changes directed at the Chinese ethnic minority in South Vietnam between 1956 and 1963, this paper investigates the long-lasting effects of in utero exposure to hostile policies on multigenerational outcomes and social mobility. The findings reveal that such exposure adversely affects education, labor market outcomes, family formation, and economic well-being, while significantly increasing women’s fertility both intensively and extensively among directly impacted individuals. These hostile policies furthermore have intergenerational consequences, diminishing the next generation’s human capital and hindering educational mobility across genera- tions.