Recovering voice through out-of-district donations
研究发现，当美国选民所在的国会选区变得缺乏竞争性时，他们会增加对竞争性选区的跨选区捐赠，以此作为替代性的政治参与方式。
A growing share of Americans live in electorally lopsided congressional districts, potentially depressing their political participation. Unlike with voting, there are no place-based restrictions on giving, raising the question of whether individuals disengaged by lopsided home districts find voice through greater non-local giving. I explore this using the post-2010 redistricting, which reassigned individuals to more, or less, competitive districts. When an individual’s district becomes exogenously less competitive, she donates more out of district to competitive races. Givers regard non-local giving as a substitute for local political participation, increasing their out-of-district gifts by $ 0 . 40 , and reducing their within-district gifts by $ 0 . 75 , for every one p.p. increase in their home district’s lopsidedness.