Double marginality: Women in the Finnish scrap recycling business since the 1960s
研究1960年代以来芬兰废品回收行业中女性企业家的角色与挑战，指出她们虽面临性别和行业污名的双重边缘化，但对家族企业贡献显著。
This article examines the roles and experiences of, and challenges faced by female entrepreneurs in the Finnish scrap recycling business especially from the 1960s onwards. Historically, the business of waste recycling has been stigmatised because of negative prejudices towards waste materials and people in the business. Since scrap business has also been firmly male-dominated, women in the industry face double marginality. Supported by archive sources, I use oral history sources and method to show, that despite ostensible invisibility and degrading treatment through ‘marginalising communication’, the contributions of female entrepreneurs to the mostly small and medium-sized family scrap businesses have been significant since the beginning of the industry. I argue, that although the Finnish female entrepreneurs in the scrap business were double marginalised in their home country, on a global scale they were not.