Intersectional identities in administrative encounters: empirical evidence from traffic policing
研究利用佛罗里达和华盛顿州的交通拦截数据，分析种族、民族和性别如何共同影响警察的搜查决策，发现交叉身份匹配（如白人女警与白人女司机）能降低搜查概率，对理解行政中的身份不平等有参考价值。
This article reports on an empirical investigation of the role of race, ethnicity, and gender in administrative encounters. Connecting intersectionality and representative bureaucracy theories, it tests the expectations that (1) bureaucratic identities intersectionally shape street-level decision making and (2) bureaucrat-citizen identity congruence, especially intersectional match, improves administrative outcomes. Analyses of traffic stop data from Florida and Washington find partial support for these expectations: (1) race, ethnicity, and gender do not have uniform effects but impact police searches in interaction with one another in both states; (2) in Florida, racial and ethnic congruence correlates with lower search probabilities for Black and Hispanic drivers. White female drivers encountering officers who share both identities experience the lowest search probabilities, suggesting an intersectional match effect. This study advances representative bureaucracy theory by incorporating bureaucratic intersectionality, expands intersectionality scholarship to the public administration context, and contributes to policing research on identity-based disparities.