The Folk Ethics of Commodification: An Empirical Investigation into Moral Attitudes Against Market Transactions
通过四个在线实验，研究了公众对商品化的道德态度，发现普遍存在反商品化态度，但反思一般合法性会削弱这种态度，而先评估具体案例则会削弱对一般合法性的认可。
Abstract Commodification is the process of transforming goods or services traditionally transferred without charge into commercially exchangeable commodities. Critics argue that this transformation often entails the loss of inherent value, rendering the resulting transactions morally problematic. In contrast, proponents of commodification contend that if it is morally acceptable to give something away for free, it should likewise be permissible to transfer it in exchange for money. Despite the extensive academic debate surrounding the moral implications of commodification, there remains a significant lack of empirical research on how laypeople perceive and evaluate this phenomenon. Given that policies supporting or opposing commodification are frequently influenced by public attitudes, addressing this gap is of critical importance. To this end, we conducted four online experiments to systematically examine the folk ethics of commodification. Our findings indicate a pronounced anti-commodification attitude across a range of specific contexts, an attitude that remains robust to several variations. Anti-commodification attitudes in specific contexts, however, erode when people are first asked to reflect on the general legitimacy of commodification. In contrast, their approval of this general legitimacy is weakened when they are first asked to evaluate specific cases. These latter results should sensitize educators that a case-based approach to the moral limits of markets might induce different normative conclusions than a principled approach.