The Impact of Sector Coupling on Climate Policy Regulations
研究了部门耦合（即各经济部门电气化）如何影响电力部门的数量型监管政策，发现电气化会强化可再生能源标准，但在欧盟碳排放交易体系中会产生反向水床效应，导致排放转移。
Deep decarbonization requires electrification of energy-related processes across all sectors of the economy. This so-called sector coupling has important implications for quantity-based regulations in the electricity sector which overlap with measures that promote electricity-based technologies in other sectors, like subsidies for electric vehicles, CO2 taxes on fossil technologies, or a separate ETS in the transport and buildings sectors. We show this for emissions trading systems (ETS) and renewable portfolio standards (RPS). The switch to electricity-based technologies usually strengthens an existing RPS. For the EU ETS, the switch raises demand for emission allowances in countries with such additional policies, but emission reductions come from all countries within the ETS. There is thus a reverse waterbed effect. Numerical simulations for overlapping regulations in the EU and the US underpin the policy relevance. They suggest that overlapping policies should generally target sectors not covered by quantity instruments such as an ETS or RPS.