Information, assessment, or decision: a driving simulator study on the effect of real-time feedback based on information-processing stages
通过驾驶模拟器实验，研究了基于信息处理不同阶段（信息提供、评估、决策）的实时反馈对驾驶行为（速度和跟车距离）的影响，发现反馈效果有限，但决策导向反馈改善了行为却降低了态度评价。
This driving simulator study, which focused on supporting drivers through feedback rather than automating the driving task, examined the effect of real-time feedback based on different stages of information processing on driving behaviour. The stages investigated included providing information alone, assessment of that information, and a decision based on that assessment, following Parasuraman, Sheridan, and Wickens's (2000) model of information-processing automation. The acceptability and effectiveness of the different stages of feedback were assessed on two key driving behaviours: speed and distance from the vehicle ahead. The results indicated that feedback had a limited effect on driving behaviour. However, the stage of information processing in the feedback did affect a number of outcomes, with decision-oriented feedback leading to improved behaviours but less favourable attitudinal results. Future safety interventions should consider altering risk perception and beliefs, or providing external motivation for behavioural change.